Do You Know Where We Store our Computer Data?

Storage devices are the devices where we electronically store/record data in the computer. Storage devices can be removable or non-removable depend on their type. Most commonly used storage devices are non-removable  can be found inside of CPU casing. Storage devices can be classified into 3 three different categories Primary, Secondary and Tertiary storage devices. These devices are non-volatile storage devices means they don't lose data when powered off. Before we move on you may already know that computer does any kind of data transferring in form of bits (0,1). Some of the common storage devices are:

 

1. Floppy Disk Drive

Floppy disk drive is basically an input/output device. It was one of the most popular storage device of the past and still it is for some people. However, today USB flash drives replacing it as one of the better alternative of floppy disk drives. Floppy disk is basically a circular shaped flexible plastic which closed inside a solid plastic cover layered with soft foam on both sides.

One of the main reason of floppy disk’s popularity is the cheap price and capability of data read/write. The data stored in floppy disk is portable and you can transport it to any other computer that has floppy disk drive installed already. Floppy disks are getting rare now, because of high data corruption rate, slow data transfer (read/write), and very small data storage capacity of only up to 1.44 Megabytes which is one of the biggest disadvantage of it. Anyways, It could still be a good option to make the backup of your small documents like a Microsoft Word document or some low-resolution images, etc..

You may wonder that some businesses and industries still regularly use floppy disk drives. Personally I had seen someone installing Windows 3.x using four floppy disks for embroidery machines.

 

2. Hard Disks or HDD:

A Hard disk consists of one or more circular disks of aluminum or other metal alloy coated with magnetic material on both sides. It’s a mass storage device capable to store large amount of data for long time-period with higher data transfer rate (read / write data). That’s why an HDD is the most common part of any system. A hard disk is commonly a Fixed disk since they can be found inside of a CPU casing, but lacks in capability of moving data from one to another place.

Note: We use portable hard drives (or External HDD) which allows to move large amount of data anywhere stored inside of an external HDD.

One of the greatest speed factor of hard disk is instead of reading the stored data inside a hard disk from the beginning it directly reaches to the exact location where data is actually stored (i.e direct access device). A hard disk can be used to store OS files, applications, files and folders etc. We'll discuss about hard disk speed factors to help you to buying good quality hard drives.

3. Optical Storage Media:

i) CD ROM (CD-R and CD-RW)
CD ROM is an abbreviation of Compact Disk Read Only Memory also a common storage device. As we said above hard disk drives read/writes data at much faster rate than a floppy disk, then why we still need a CD ROM, and the simple answer is a CD can store up to 700 MB of data in it and allows to move CD data from one place to another with ease and portability. On the other hand, floppy disk can store up to 1.44 MB which is not just enough today. It's also very cheap to buy a CD and software development companies are selling their softwares in CDs. You can get a complete version of of their softwares within single CD.  

Let's give you an example, in past when CDs were not available Microsoft Office had supplied with 32 floppy disks, But thanks to the invention of optical storage media and CD ROMs now this software is available in one CD or DVD for latest versions. You can install softwares from CDs more quickly than a floppy disk drive due to better data transfer rate of CD ROMs.

CD-R: Used for read-only data, allows one-time data recording on the disk.  It’s an abbreviation of Compact Disk Recordable.

CD-RW or CD Burner: Used for reading / writing / erasing of data to a CD more than once. CD-RW is an abbreviation of Compact Disk Re-writable. You need a classified CD-RW disk not just a CD-R disk for recording/erasing data multiple times. Remember that, a CD-R disk can only be used to record data once. Many people forget this when when buying compact disks for the same purpose.

ii) DVD ROM (DVD-R and DVD-RW)
A DVD drive can store much more data than a CD can. An average DVD can store up to 4 GB of data however the latest dual-layered DVDs are capable to store up to 8 GB of data. The main purpose of DVD drives to store movies, games or any other stuff beyond the capacity of a CD. You need a DVD ROM to to read these disks. Like CDs DVD drives also come in two types: DVD-R, DVD-RW / DVD Burner; one for just reading the disk and other for data reading and writing both.

4. Flash Memory / Pen Drives:

A USB Flash drive is a portable or removable data storage device that allows you to move data anywhere and  give immediate access to the data (because of plug and play support). They’re compact in size not bigger than a human finger can easily slide into your pockets and capable to store data anywhere from 256 MB to 512 GB.

It’s a better way to transport your data whenever you want and wherever you want . These devices are considered as backup devices and are also known as thumb drive / pen drive / Keychain drive and solid state drive (SSD the technology used in camera and smart phones and other devices – unlike HDD it stores data in integrated circuits & chips without movements of parts). USB flash drives are cheaper than a floppy disk as compare to data storage space they offer.

 

5. Magnetic Tapes / Tape Drives

Tape drives have been using for decades regarded as the most popularly used storage device ever. These devices store data using tape or cartridge coated with magnetic material provide low-cost data storage than any other disk drive can offer. These storage devices specifically used as a backup data storage. Magnetic tapes are very slow at data transfer due to sequential read/write mechanism.

Thanks for reading this article, If you want any addition/correction or suggestion to this article. Please feel free to share your thoughts in comments.

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What are the Output Devices? ~ Urdu Guide

As you’ve learned that data processing in computer based on three main steps, first Input of data using input devices, then processing in central processing unit and finally output devices show us processed data in form of information on output devices like Monitor, Printer, etc. We can simply define output devices as the devices that are used to present the processed data in form of simple understandable information such as Monitor or Printer.

 

 

Monitor is the most common output device you’ll find in the computer that show you output of the processed data from Central Processing Unit on the monitor screen. Today, other than Monitor there many types of output devices for a computer are available in many forms, like Printers, Fax machines, Modems, Plotters, CDs, etc. And we mainly distinguish them in two types: A hard-copy output devices, soft-copy output devices.

 

MOST COMMON EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT DEVICES: MONITOR

Monitor is a Soft-copy  output device, and it’s the most common output device that connected to the computer. The information we sent to the central processing unit using input devices we see them in processed form on the monitor screen. It means that whatever work we do on the computer we can see it on the monitor screen. You can see the text, pictures, moving pictures like movies on the monitor screen.

 

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An Essential Guide to Central Processing Unit Components

Central Processing is most essential component of computer and whenever we say CPU our basic mean is the Processor the brain of the CPU. But we know that there are many other components inside the CPU that work together inside to do the work that CPU does for a Computer. This guide will give short brief introduction to components inside the computer.






Before we move on it's better to give the list of essential components inside CPU and we'll discuss on each one-by-one but very short:

• Motherboard or simply MOBO
• Computer Chips
• Microprocessor
• Expansion Slots
• Computer Memory or RAM Banks or Slots
• ROM BIOS
• CMOS Battery
• Additional / Add-on Devices
• Display Card
• Sound Card
• Modem
• LAN Card
• Peripheral Devices
• Ports
• Universal Serial Bus
• Power Supply

Motherboard:

Motherboard is a very large print circuit board (PCB) that is fixed inside of CPU. You'll find many kind components fixed on the motherboard and remember that without motherboard CPU there is no importance of CPU, it's just like considered as a metal casing and nothing else. Importance of Motherboard for a CPU is similar as the importance of CPU for a Computer. Every of the component attached to the motherboard can communicate with each other (e.g. Mouse click to play a sound, means mouse actually communicate with sound device to get this music playing task done).







Any motherboard consists of following components that are fixed to it:

i) Computer Chips

There is a set various kinds of ICs (Integrated circuits or Computer chips) inside any motherboard that work together to manage and control computer. In this set of IC's Microprocessor (CPU) and other chips are included that control the flow of data inside computer.

ii) Microprocessor

Microprocessor is an IC that is actually known as CPU. It does all kind of mathematical operations and processes every single instruction sent by input devices. Microprocessors gets the input from RAM to process it and then send all processed data to RAM again. That's the way microprocessor acts as a central part of the CPU casing.





It's a fact that the working speed of any computer (speed of data processing) depends upon the working speed of microprocessor chip attached to it. Every microprocessor has it's own model number and working speed or Clock-speed. Microprocessor's speed measures in Mega Hertz (MHz) or Giga Hertz (GHz). Every microprocessor today can able to process one or more tasks at a time.

iii) Expansion Slots

Those specific slots that allows you attach additional devices to your motherboard, and are known as Expansion Slots. We fix computer cards (PCB) into the

Expansion slots so that these cards immediately connected to the motherboard to work together with other devices. Basically purpose of expansion slots is to increase the capabilities of a computer a bit more or increase functionality of a computer (e.g. I want to play latest games then I definitely need a better graphics capabilities of computer so I need a better Graphics Card that will fit into the expansion slots to do the job I want).

There are various sizes of slots known such as 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit slot. Slots with bigger size means data communication between microprocessor and expansion card will be fast or in less time. There was a day when we've had only two types of slots ISA and PCI. ISA the 16-bit slot and PCI the 64-bit size slot.

But Today there are some new expansion slots are there are AGP and PCI Express. the PCI Express slot has become the most popular expansion slot today that communicates with processor more faster and efficiently. Unfortunately AGP slots are rare now because PCI express beat them so badly.

iv) Computer Memory or RAM Banks or Slots

RAM slots are the places where fix our RAM chips. RAM chips are used to store computer memory (in form of bits) temporarily that helps to keep the software running on to the computer. RAM is a primary data storage device and classed as volatile memory due to losing data after power off.

v) ROM BIOS

BIOS is an abbreviation of Basic Input Output System. BIOS is the most essential/important program of any computer that controls the computer hardware. it has stored the basic memory of a computer that contains information about the devices connected the computer. Whenever you power on the computer initially BIOS is the program that runs first and read setting of computer and POST (Power on Self-test) confirms these settings.

BIOS is a ROM chip that is usually fixed into motherboard permanently, this chip has the BIOS programs stored in it. If in any case BIOS program corrupts then your computer will become unusable. However, you can fix it but only after some hard efforts. ROM is a non-volatile memory.


vi) CMOS Battery
There is small battery fixed inside the motherboard which allows to keep store the most important information (e.g. Computer Date/Time) of a computer even when it's turned off. When you turn off the computer then this battery (CMOS chips) starts doing it's work to keep these information stored. CMOS is kind a small computer memory. As you turn on the computer then CMOS battery work finishes here.


vii) Additional / Add-on Devices:
Add-on devices are the devices that perform specific function into the computer that usually not available in your computer right now. But these are unnecessary to run a computer. However you may need such add-on devices to perform a specific the function for example display card to see output of computer, Listen sound with sound card. Add-on devices are physically in the form of a print circuit board that you fix into the Expansion slots.

Sometime a computer already have a built-in VGA port (Video graphics array) then you don't need have another expansion card for graphics device, but again you may need this run high-end application or game. We use various kinds of additional devices for example Graphics Card, Modem, LAN, etc. For this you've to buy the required card and place in any of available relevant slot.

Below we're discussing about some of important additional devices:


Display Card - You should know that to see display of any computer is not just depend on the monitor, but also you should have a display adapter (Graphic Adapter, Video Card, Video Controller) installed into the motherboard. It's the display adapter that shows the output of program running inside the computer on the monitor screen. It's possible that your computer have a built-in display adapter or video port however you can also install Display Adapter card into the expansion slots.

There are four types of graphics adapters: (i- Integrated - built-in to the motherboard, ii- PCI can only fix into PCI slot, iii- AGP - these slots are rare now, iv- PCI Express currently the most popular slot for graphic adapters). There are three common connectors: VGA, SVGA and DVI connectors, We'll discuss in brief in coming articles.


Sound Card - Sound card is a print circuit board which converts the sound into binary codes the native computer language. When we send our sound to the computer with microphone then sound cards convert the sound into codes for processing in computer and after processing then convert the code into sound and send to the speakers as an output. Microphone and Speakers can be attached to sound card so we can record our voice , and play music as well.



Modem - Modems is an abbreviation of MOdulator / DEModulator convert the computer data into information to it through telephone wires from one place to another on the internet. Modem can allow long distance and short distance communication between computers. Usually whenever we fix Modem card into the motherboard and connect the telephone wires then you can get and use the facility of internet.



LAN Card - LAN (Local Area Network) is a such network by which we can connect together many computer and can send/receive data between these connected computers. You can get the advantage to use devices connected to the computer on the network, For example printing on a network computer. You can only able to make this network with the by using LAN card.

LAN card fixed into motherboard. If two computers have LAN card installed in it then you can create a network between these computers. Like Modem, LAN card cannot send/receive information on long-distance.

xii) Peripheral Devices

Peripheral devices are such devices without them computer can work, but are not essential to the computer. Usually, peripheral devices adds a new function to increase the capabilities of computer. Mouse and Keyboard are most essential peripheral devices. But, as input devices these devices are much important to any computer. Normally, peripheral devices connect the computer externally. Some examples of peripheral devices are, Mouse, Keyboard, Printer, Modem, Joystick, etc..

xiii) Ports

For every external device like Mouse, Keyboard, Modem, etc. there is a connection point available from motherboard to get these connected to the computer to send and receive data between computer and devices internally and externally. For example we connect Printer to 'Parallel port' of the computer this port is known as LPT port. We connect modem to serial port which is known as COM port.

xiv) Universal Serial Bus

These are the newly introduced ports and currently the most popular port for connecting any kind of peripheral like Keyboard, Mouse, Printer, Scanner and Camera etc. It's a thin connector, in past there was just one USB port but today new motherboards come with more USB ports with any other port. That's reason why Keyboard/Mouse Serial and PS/2 ports replaced with this powerful port. However If you want to increase number of USB ports you can do this placing card into the expansion slot.

One of the greatest advantage of the USB port is Operating System can able to detect any device attach to USB port automatically without installation of any driver most of the time or ask to install drivers if needed.

Power Supply:

Power supply is source give electric power to the computer. An average Power supply can be 220 volts AC (alternating current) or something that converts our home electricity into 3.3 or 5 volts DC (direct current) for motherboard it's devices and 12 volts DC for hard disk and motors). Today most of average power supplies start from 350 volts AC due to requirement of power from processors, and graphics card, etc..






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2. How to Use Keyboard Step-by-Step Guide
3. Introduction a Computer Mouse

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How to Use a Computer Mouse - Urdu Guide

Mouse is an input device that is basically a pointing device (Pointing device is a device that controls the cursor which moves around the screen). You can control a mouse with one hand. The computer mouse is use to control the screen with pointing cursor. Let’s talk about how it works.

How Mouse Works?

A standard mouse contains two mouse buttons. The below part of the mouse have smooth surface, and there is a round ball inside the mouse touches the surface that helps to move the cursor on the screen (However, ball mouse are rarely used today because they’re getting useless and stops working a short period of time, however Laser and optical mouse are common now). When you place the mouse on any flat surface or pad and move the mouse on the surface then pointing cursor on the screen also moves. Mouse pointer moves proportionally on the screen when you move the mouse on the flat surface.
Mouse is really an important device when you're drawing on the computer. Remember that, you cannot use mouse in command prompt however mouse is used too often in Windows environment, and without mouse it's hard to operate windows and accomplish tasks. For Example, To get yourself to a button on the screen and to press the button is very easy job with a mouse, but it would be hard or little tricky if you’re going to complete the same task with a keyboard, I’m talking about accessibility options which turns Keyboard Num-pad into a mouse.

We measure mouse speed in CPI (counts per inch) equals to DPI (dots per inch). You can increase or decrease DPI from it’s actual using tricky softwares.

Components of Mouse:

A standard mouse can have two or more buttons. Here we are giving you an example of two button mouse. And again you know that the basic purpose of the mouse is to control interface objects on the screen. Using the mouse is very easy let’s learn how you can use your mouse and what tasks you can perform with a mouse and it's buttons:

Click: When you press a button of mouse, this action is known as 'click'. Usually you can perform the single click with button on the left side of the mouse. With a single click you can select any item on the screen.

Double Click: When you press the left mouse button twice without any break, this action is known as double-click. Usually you open an item with this action.

Right Click: When you press the right side button of the mouse, is known as Right-click. Usually this opens a right click menu of a window.

Drag and Drop:  If you keep pressing the left mouse button and meanwhile you move the cursor and leave the left mouse button is known as 'Drag and Drop'.

Hence, you've understood that mouse and keyboard are basic input devices that sends input data to the computer. After that input data goes to Central Processing Unit (CPU) to process the input data. Next we're going to discuss about Central Processing unit. Let’s keep on reading and learn every basic thing about computer.


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Chapter 03 Basic Computer Components ~ Urdu Guide from Muhammad Tayyab Rana

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Computer Keyboard, Is Like a Typewriter???...

Keyboard is the most commonly used input device for computer systems. It has derived from the old typewriter. But it's not actually like a typewriter, however both have many same keys which do similar function like pressing a key and character prints. In general, as a standard way to interacting with computer system, a Keyboard actually used to execute commands not only for typing characters.

 

 

A Keyboard a keypad device which consists of keys/buttons that user can press to print character or executing commands. When a user presses it process in this way:

* Keyboard controller detects this keystroke

* Places a scan code in the keyboard buffer that indicates which key is pressed

* These scan codes go through the operating system

* Finally CPU accepts it to print on the screen

These scan codes processes in the form of ASCII codes(American Standard Code for Information Interchange).

 

On the basis of keys and their functions a keyboard is different than typewriter. It has similar keys for typing characters but some additional keys for navigation, numeric keypad and function keys. These keys mainly used to accomplishing of commands pressed by the user.

 

In later post, we’ll discuss how keyboards key function, and how a user can use them to fulfill their working purposes.

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What is Computer Bus? – An Introduction

Bus is a set of electrical hardware lines that is used to transfer/receive data from the central processing unit. Bus is a way to connect computer components (e.g. Microprocessor, Disk drive, Memory, Input / Output ports, etc.) to Computer system for keeping in connection to transfer and receive data from computer.

Bus (by wire or hardware lines) is the common way to transfer/receive data in the form of codes and only the fastest way for communication information between computer and its components. Any part of computer is connected with buses. Usually a bus consists of many parallel wires. Each wire sends one bit of data at a time, thus a bus can transfer/receive many bits. For example, a 16-bit of bus consists of 16 parallel wires and transfers 16 bits ( 2 bytes) of data from one computer component to another.
 

In old computer, very few buses had used. Nowadays, modern computer contains many buses  transfer many types of data, and some buses are used to transfer specific type of data, e.g. Image, Audio, Video, etc.

Bus (Address bus, Data bus, Expansion bus) usually transfers different types of data within a computer. For example, these buses of parallel wires (that is printed on PCB) somewhere in the form of data take information or where data exists took addresses of data, or moving a control signal.

Remember that whenever we speak bus then our gesture to number electrical wires in a PC component. In computer, Buses are present in many forms (wires on print circuit, straight cables, normal wires). However, these are always in parallel.

Data bus:

It is an aggregate of parallel conductors (can pass current and printed circuit on electrical board) that is on a motherboard. These buses are used to send/receive information from connected devices to CPU. These buses are known as External bus/Data bus. Data buses are the basic way to transfer/receive data anywhere in computer. All components that contain data / other components are connected to data buses. Thus, any information (codes) which is in a bus that is available to any devices connected to computer.

Expansion bus:

These buses provide a way to connect a device to the motherboard. Expansion buses are kept flowing data with the computer device. These buses also provide a way to connect Add-on devices to motherboard.
System bus: these buses provide a way to connect Microprocessor, RAM chip, and other components to the motherboard. On these buses, motherboard’s primary components are fixed.

Address bus:

These are parallel conductors (on the electrical circuit) on the motherboard, used to find the place of where computer memory is stored. That tells us what information /codes are sending/receive from data buses.

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Data & Memory Representation in Computer?

In this article will discuss about data & memory representation in computer. This will make sense for you how data forms e.g. text, image, audio, video store in computer and how we measure the amount of it. First we are going to describe the computer memory units in the following:

Bit:
Bit is the standard unit of data information in computer. '0' or '1' digits are called Bit.

Byte:
Always remember 8 bits form 1 byte of data. Usually a byte represents a character (alphabet, digit or symbol). A key pressed from the keyboard sends one byte of data to CPU. It is the standard unit of computer memory. Other memory units are Kilobyte (KB), Megabyte (MB), etc..

 

Following table is showing you a list of computer memory units:
 

Memory Unit	Value
Bit	0, 1
Nibble	4 bits
Byte	8 bits (alphabet, digits, or symbols)
Kilobyte	1024 bytes
Megabyte	1024 Kilobytes
Gigabyte	1024 Megabytes
Terabyte	1024 Gigabytes

 

Binary Number System:

Computer use binary number (1,0) to do mathematical calculations, and computer also represent data in the form of 1,0. To understand the data processing in computer, we must have to understand the binary number system. Below we are giving you a short introduction to it:

Binary System based on 2 and have only two digits 1,0. It represents one bit in two states: 1,0.

0 = Off  &  1 = On

 

In our daily life, we use the decimal number system. However, computer uses the binary system for calculations. Following table is showing you an equivalent binary number for each decimal number:

Decimal Number	Binary Number
0	0000
1	0001
2	0010
3	0011
4	0100
5	0101
6	0110
7	0111
8	1000
9	1001

 

IMPORTANT Thing to Know

Now you’re thinking we’ve shown decimal number equivalent to 4 digits binary number. Because Hexadecimal are base 16 numbers and again binary numbers are base 2 numbers. So the worth of binary number is 2 times and worth of hexadecimal number is 16 times.  To represent binary equal to hexadecimal we multiply 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 four times to get 16 the equivalent worth of hexadecimal number. Check out this  link to convert Hexadecimal to Binary and Decimal numbers automatically here.

What are ASCII Codes?

Mathematical digits are good for calculations. Nowadays, computers have very well control on alphabets, image, audio, and even a motion picture. For these types of data computer codes are recognized by the help of binary numbers.

These codes are used to handle alphabets, digits, symbols. These codes are known as American Standard Codes for Information Interchange (ASCII) consists of 128 codes (7-bit encoding system) that can represent, Alphabets, Punctuations, and Special symbols . Now ASCII codes contain 256 codes. We also called this Extended character or Extended ASCII set. These codes can represent any types of data and use 8-bit encoding system

As we know that one byte can represent  one character (an alphabet, digit or symbol). In the following, we are showing of 5 bytes of data with ASCII codes:

A	H	M	E	D
01000001	0100100	01001101	01000101	01000010

 

Note: Remember that a space key has a code value and also recognized as one byte of data. One most important thing that every alphabet has a unique code. For Small and Capital letters, there are different ASCII codes.

So, Now you have learned how data and memory represented in computer!!!…

 

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How Data Communication Works in Computer?

In computer data communication means to provide/exchange information to computer and there is very organized procedure for that. Here we will tell you about how and in which form computer process data and how it interacts with the user. By reading this chapter you will come to know that how computer works on data.

 

Before going into this chapter first you must have to know that how computer comes into connection with us. It always needs code for any type of communication. When someone enters data with input device computer convert it into its language that is the code and when data processed the codes are again converting into information then give results to the user on output devices. In the same way, computer will process the data whenever we provide it. There are many data forms in computer, e.g. Text, Images, Audio & Video, etc. and every data form will process this way. As codes are the common language for computer.

However, now the question is how codes come into existence? We know that computer is a machine that has formed with many electronic circuits. So, The Information provided to computer always in the form of electric signals. These reach to computer with two states: ON or OFF. Codes are used to represent these signals in computer. These codes look like mathematical digits.


In computer, ON state represent '1' and OFF '2'. Thus, any type of computer data sends/receive from the computer by a combination of 0 and 1. In this process 0 and 1 mathematical are used. These digits are called Binary digits.

 

So, now you have learned that how data processed in computer. Now next thing is that how computer represent data and memory. So let’s move on to next article…

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Please read the remaining parts of lesson 2 by clicking below:

2. How Data & Memory Represent in Computer?
3. What is Computer Bus?

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What PC Components You Need to Make PC Usable?

If you’re a computer user then you definitely know what components are compulsory to run a PC. However, most people who own a PC in a single package might think that they don’t know what components are required to make a PC usable. However, People who get PC components separately always know what they need to buy.  So, In this post we’re giving you short info to this topic.

An average PC always requires following basic components:
1. Input Devices
2. Central Processing Unit
3. Output Devices

Following diagram is showing you basic PC components, without these components you can't be able to get a running PC:

Input Devices:

These devices allow a user to interact with PC (e.g. Mouse, Keyboard,). Because of it, we can send data to PC for Data Processing.

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

It is the most important part of PC and recognized as brain of it and also known as CPU. Because all PC components are connected to this part and depend on CPU for doing any types of action.
We send data through input devices (from hardware wire/lines) to CPU, and it process the input data and show us output on the monitor screen. Then, output results save in Computer memory RAM (Random Access Memory: Read/write Computer memory, but it is temporary memory, so, data deleted when electricity disconnected) which is also the part of CPU.

Output Devices:

Once CPU follows the program instruction then the program makes a connection to output devices, e.g. Computer Screen (Monitor:Give us a Soft copy/Printer: by this, we can get a hard copy of processed information in our hands). Monitor is the most common output device without this  you will unable to use a computer.

It is quite notable to know that above are just the computer hardware components that make computer usable. But without having computer software your computer will be useless, for example, an operating system is the only software allow you to interact with the system and even you press power-on button in front of the CPU, it immediately runs the ROM BIOS software which contains the basic information about your computer hardware. We have discussed about software in detail here...

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How Computer Works? (Urdu)

People who use the computer always be crazy to know that how it works. Because, they don't just want to use a computer, but also like to get information about working process inside the computer while using it.

This process can simply explain in this way as:

We input data (e.g. Keyboard, Mouse, etc.) into the computer, then it goes to central processing unit. CPU processes this data and gives us desired valid results on the Monitor screen, Printer, etc. which is called output.

When CPU processes our data, then this process is known as data processing, and the process from taking input to giving output is known as data processing cycle. It can also explained in this way graphically:

INPUT     –>    PROCESSING  –>  OUTPUT

                                    (2+3)               (CALCULATING)             (5)

In my opinion, this post helped newbie computer users, who are just beginning to use the computer, but I'm sure they are decreasing day-by-day, which is a great success for computer industry. Even so, an average PC users will find nothing new. Anyways, we’re creating a good source of computer information from basic to advanced topics. We hope you’ll find more better and updated information about computer in later posts.

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How to Build a PC

Usually if someone wishes to get a new PC for himself, then obviously he will go to the computer retailer shop. However, before going to the shop, have you ever think about why you are purchasing a PC from the shop, which is at 500 $ or more. In another way, you can purchase just PC components to build a PC under 500 dollars with your full satisfaction. Are you still thinking that only a Pc technician can arrange pc component but in the same way you can also arrange PC component in your newly built PC?

By building a PC yourself, you will get following benefits:

A Cheapest PC
If you are going to buy a new PC and want to consume money less than 100$ may be you will get a PC, but this will be slower in speed. For fast performance PC, you need to investment from 300-500+ dollars. If you buy only PC components and install into your PC then you can make your PC less than the actual amount of PC purchased from the shop. Because by purchasing components separately, you just need to pay the amount of PC components, and you don’t need to pay fees of a computer technician, also the shop keeper will not be able to get a an extra commission from PC. By making PC your own you can get a PC in cheaper price.

PC According to Your Purpose
Every person has different aims for using the computer. Someone has just aimed for playing games on PC, or someone has some professional aims, such as, video editing. From a student to an engineer, everyone knows the purpose of his computer use. For video games, you need to build a PC for gaming, the same way for a video editor you need to build PC for video editing. For this you need to get the required components then you will be able to make your PC to you needs. This is only possible when you custom build a PC.

If you want to purchase a pre-built PC that has built from a computer retailer. Where you will save some of your time but getting some big losses.

If you buy a prebuilt pc you will get following losses:

Use of non-standard component:
If you buy a pre-built PC may be your PC contains non-standards components, which may affect the performance of your PC. It's likely possible your PC components may damage soon, and you’ll get a financial loss. The main reason of is that in a ready made PC you don’t know what type & quality of components are used in the PC.

Pc components not related to your purpose:
If you buy a pre-built PC then this will not meet to your needs. For example, a video editor needs high speed pc components. In a pre-built PC, it is possible that this will not contain your desired components or may have components that you don’t need. So you’ll get in trouble.

Prebuilt PC's are expensive:
Usually prebuilt PC's are expensive than home build PC's. Because in a prebuilt PC you are paying an extra amount for each component installed in your PC, but the fees of a computer technician are an additional cost for you. So by purchasing a prebuilt pc you are paying some extra money.
If you don’t want to get a prebuilt pc and want to build a pc your own then next information are beneficial for you. So, what you need to build see the step by step guide below:

1. Choosing a PC
2. Installing Motherboard
3. Installing Power supply
4. Ram & Cards installation

We can say above are the checklist for building pc. If its hard for you to take your time in reading these steps, you can also watch the below video for building a PC:

Build your own PC video

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Introduction to Computer in Urdu

You’re just beginning to our first lesson, introduction to Computer. In this article you'll be introduced to why we use computer and how it came to our lives. A basic definition to computer which will lead you to know, how we come up to the word ‘Computer’ what it makes everyone to use in their daily lives. 

-> Short Introduction to Computer 
->  Uses of Computer 

 

A Short Introduction to Computer

Computer is an electronic machine that can do mathematical operations electronically. Computer is derived from word 'Compute' it means doing mathematical operation. Computer is a machine that can send/receive information and save it in its memory and then process these information to give us valid results. Computer can do many types of mathematical/non-mathematical operations with 100% accurately and fastest speed.

Computer must require instructions to do these operations. A program can provide all types of required set of instructions to computer that is saved in computer memory we can also named this as 'Software'. When we input data into computer then a program (set of instructions) process this input data to output devices (e.g. Computer Screen/Monitor). We'll discuss about computer programs in more details later.

Uses of Computer

Nowadays computer is using in any parts of life from industries to a house life; it is everywhere. For example, in our daily life small computer circuits used in electric items (such as, clock, music player, mobile phones, etc). In this way computers are helping us to solve many of our problems to make this as compulsory part of life.

The invention of Personal Computer has given us most innovative, refined & widely used form of computer. It is most and the biggest aspect is that they are easy-to-use and easy to own. PC's are using for numerous purpose e.g. doing calculation, saving data records, creating house budget, playing video games for entertainment. PC's are also used for educational purposes. Teacher use to teach students by projectors (in which Graphics, Sound, Animation used.). So, now learning is easier and more interesting that is never before. By combine use of PC & Internet we are connected to the whole world within in a second and able to get any types of information within no time.

Next we’ll talk about how computer works, and what components are compulsory to run a PC. Click Here Next





To Download this article in urdu then click below:

Download Chapter01: Introduction to Computer in Urdu (PDF eBook) 

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Please Check out remaining parts of this article by clicking below:

2. How Computer Works?

3. What PC component You need to make it usable

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