TITANS COMPUTER: Ch#2

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What is Computer Bus? – An Introduction

Bus is a set of electrical hardware lines that is used to transfer/receive data from the central processing unit. Bus is a way to connect computer components (e.g. Microprocessor, Disk drive, Memory, Input / Output ports, etc.) to Computer system for keeping in connection to transfer and receive data from computer.

Bus (by wire or hardware lines) is the common way to transfer/receive data in the form of codes and only the fastest way for communication information between computer and its components. Any part of computer is connected with buses. Usually a bus consists of many parallel wires. Each wire sends one bit of data at a time, thus a bus can transfer/receive many bits. For example, a 16-bit of bus consists of 16 parallel wires and transfers 16 bits ( 2 bytes) of data from one computer component to another.

In old computer, very few buses had used. Nowadays, modern computer contains many buses transfer many types of data, and some buses are used to transfer specific type of data, e.g. Image, Audio, Video, etc.

Bus (Address bus, Data bus, Expansion bus) usually transfers different types of data within a computer. For example, these buses of parallel wires (that is printed on PCB) somewhere in the form of data take information or where data exists took addresses of data, or moving a control signal.

Remember that whenever we speak bus then our gesture to number electrical wires in a PC component. In computer, Buses are present in many forms (wires on print circuit, straight cables, normal wires). However, these are always in parallel.

Data bus:

It is an aggregate of parallel conductors (can pass current and printed circuit on electrical board) that is on a motherboard. These buses are used to send/receive information from connected devices to CPU. These buses are known as External bus/Data bus. Data buses are the basic way to transfer/receive data anywhere in computer. All components that contain data / other components are connected to data buses. Thus, any information (codes) which is in a bus that is available to any devices connected to computer.

Expansion bus:

These buses provide a way to connect a device to the motherboard. Expansion buses are kept flowing data with the computer device. These buses also provide a way to connect Add-on devices to motherboard.
System bus: these buses provide a way to connect Microprocessor, RAM chip, and other components to the motherboard. On these buses, motherboard’s primary components are fixed.

Address bus:

These are parallel conductors (on the electrical circuit) on the motherboard, used to find the place of where computer memory is stored. That tells us what information /codes are sending/receive from data buses.

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Data & Memory Representation in Computer?

In this article will discuss about data & memory representation in computer. This will make sense for you how data forms e.g. text, image, audio, video store in computer and how we measure the amount of it. First we are going to describe the computer memory units in the following:

Bit:
Bit is the standard unit of data information in computer. '0' or '1' digits are called Bit.

Byte:
Always remember 8 bits form 1 byte of data. Usually a byte represents a character (alphabet, digit or symbol). A key pressed from the keyboard sends one byte of data to CPU. It is the standard unit of computer memory. Other memory units are Kilobyte (KB), Megabyte (MB), etc..

Following table is showing you a list of computer memory units:

Memory Unit	Value
Bit	0, 1
Nibble	4 bits
Byte	8 bits (alphabet, digits, or symbols)
Kilobyte	1024 bytes
Megabyte	1024 Kilobytes
Gigabyte	1024 Megabytes
Terabyte	1024 Gigabytes

Binary Number System:

Computer use binary number (1,0) to do mathematical calculations, and computer also represent data in the form of 1,0. To understand the data processing in computer, we must have to understand the binary number system. Below we are giving you a short introduction to it:

Binary System based on 2 and have only two digits 1,0. It represents one bit in two states: 1,0.

0 = Off & 1 = On

In our daily life, we use the decimal number system. However, computer uses the binary system for calculations. Following table is showing you an equivalent binary number for each decimal number:

Decimal Number	Binary Number
0	0000
1	0001
2	0010
3	0011
4	0100
5	0101
6	0110
7	0111
8	1000
9	1001

IMPORTANT Thing to Know

Now you’re thinking we’ve shown decimal number equivalent to 4 digits binary number. Because Hexadecimal are base 16 numbers and again binary numbers are base 2 numbers. So the worth of binary number is 2 times and worth of hexadecimal number is 16 times. To represent binary equal to hexadecimal we multiply 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 four times to get 16 the equivalent worth of hexadecimal number. Check out this link to convert Hexadecimal to Binary and Decimal numbers automatically here.

What are ASCII Codes?

Mathematical digits are good for calculations. Nowadays, computers have very well control on alphabets, image, audio, and even a motion picture. For these types of data computer codes are recognized by the help of binary numbers.

These codes are used to handle alphabets, digits, symbols. These codes are known as American Standard Codes for Information Interchange (ASCII) consists of 128 codes (7-bit encoding system) that can represent, Alphabets, Punctuations, and Special symbols . Now ASCII codes contain 256 codes. We also called this Extended character or Extended ASCII set. These codes can represent any types of data and use 8-bit encoding system

As we know that one byte can represent one character (an alphabet, digit or symbol). In the following, we are showing of 5 bytes of data with ASCII codes:

A	H	M	E	D
01000001	0100100	01001101	01000101	01000010

Note: Remember that a space key has a code value and also recognized as one byte of data. One most important thing that every alphabet has a unique code. For Small and Capital letters, there are different ASCII codes.

So, Now you have learned how data and memory represented in computer!!!…

If you really like to get this article in Urdu then click below to download:

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Data Communication in Computer (PDF eBook)

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How Data Communication Works in Computer?

In computer data communication means to provide/exchange information to computer and there is very organized procedure for that. Here we will tell you about how and in which form computer process data and how it interacts with the user. By reading this chapter you will come to know that how computer works on data.

Before going into this chapter first you must have to know that how computer comes into connection with us. It always needs code for any type of communication. When someone enters data with input device computer convert it into its language that is the code and when data processed the codes are again converting into information then give results to the user on output devices. In the same way, computer will process the data whenever we provide it. There are many data forms in computer, e.g. Text, Images, Audio & Video, etc. and every data form will process this way. As codes are the common language for computer.

However, now the question is how codes come into existence? We know that computer is a machine that has formed with many electronic circuits. So, The Information provided to computer always in the form of electric signals. These reach to computer with two states: ON or OFF. Codes are used to represent these signals in computer. These codes look like mathematical digits.

In computer, ON state represent '1' and OFF '2'. Thus, any type of computer data sends/receive from the computer by a combination of 0 and 1. In this process 0 and 1 mathematical are used. These digits are called Binary digits.

So, now you have learned that how data processed in computer. Now next thing is that how computer represent data and memory. So let’s move on to next article…